高山滑雪运动损伤特征影响因素及预防策略研究(5)
在技术动作练习方面,除了雪上训练外,运用现代科技手段加强运动员的非雪上训练渐为趋势。目前国际较为成熟的是以如何减少滑行风阻为主要目标的风洞实验,该实验将滑雪板与地面上的一个测力平台连接,以1 000 Hz的采样率测量阻力和升力,用10.0s的平均非定常阻力计算了滑雪机模型在风洞中的总阻力,从而检验滑行姿势与阻力大小间的关系,对于技术改进也具有相当大的帮助[48]。
在技术动作诊断方面,主要应用差分全球导航卫星系统、陀螺仪、压力传感器等运动测量设备,实时捕捉和采集运动学数据,监控动作过程,改进技术动作。如,Hirose等[49]将惯性和磁场传感器、六轴力传感器和GPS接收器用于滑雪运动员的运动测量,结合关节扭矩和滑行速度进行滑雪弯道的运动分析,通过测试的参数反映其相对应的技术动作质量,从而提出更有效的转弯技术。Sprri等[50]认为可穿戴传感器技术可能有助于在不久的将来更好地监测和管理运动员在日常训练或比赛环境中与背部过度使用相关的整体振动暴露情况。
5 小结
高山滑雪是一项损伤风险较高的运动项目,其中,4个分项的相对损伤率由高到低排序依次为滑降、超级大回转、大回转和回转,男子的损伤发生率高于女子;膝关节、手指、下背部、头面部等部位易受伤;损伤类型主要包括关节韧带、应力性骨折、神经系统损伤/脑震荡等;损伤程度多为中、重度;训练与比赛的损伤风险相近;影响因素可分为运动员相关的内部因素和场地器材相关的外部因素两大类;预防策略主要侧重于提高力量素质、优化技术动作、创新器材装备等。
需要注意的是,高山滑雪运动员自身条件的提升是减少和预防运动损伤最根本和最重要的因素,滑道地形、旗门设置、雪板固定器、雪况天气等外部因素的作用也不容忽视。本研究为进一步加强与高山滑雪项目特征相匹配的损伤评价体系研究,扩大运动员日常训练运动损伤的研究范围,更深入地探索高山滑雪运动损伤的机制,寻求多措并举的预防手段和策略,以更有效地减少和预防运动损伤,提升高山滑雪运动竞训水平奠定了良好的科学基础。
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